Cancer, an intricate and multifaceted illness, arises from the uncontrolled proliferation and spread of aberrant cells within the body. These cells can infiltrate adjacent tissues, develop into tumours, and spread to distant organs, posing significant risks to health. According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IACR) and the World Health Organization (WHO), there were 20 million new cancer diagnoses and 9.7 million deaths in 2022. The analysis predicts that new worldwide cancer diagnoses will reach 35 million by 2050, up 77% from the 20 million cases reported in 2022. 

We are regularly exposed to different components, some of which have carcinogenic potential. These environmental carcinogens include pollutants in our air, chemicals in our products, and contaminants in our drinking water. Fine particulate matter, volatile organic compounds, and diesel exhaust are all examples of carcinogens found in polluted air. Prolonged exposure to these contaminants has been linked to different types of cancers, including mesothelioma, lung, bladder, and breast cancers. Therefore, understanding the relationship between environmental variables and cancer development can help to address potential hazards and incorporate proactive actions for prevention.

Beyond the ambient environment, certain professions heighten the risk of carcinogenic exposure. Workers in manufacturing, mining, and agriculture industries may be exposed to hazardous chemicals at work. Asbestos exposure, which is common in construction and shipbuilding, has been proven to increase the likelihood of developing mesothelioma and lung cancer. Similarly, workers exposed to benzene, a chemical used in the production of plastics, rubber, and detergents, are inclined to be diagnosed with leukaemia.

Whereas access to safe drinking water is fundamental to health, it is also necessary to be vigilant of potential toxins. Industrial runoff, agricultural pesticides, and residue from water treatment operations can potentially incorporate carcinogens into our water supply. Arsenic, a naturally occurring element found in groundwater, and chlorination byproducts have been associated with several types of cancer, including skin, bladder, and kidney cancer. Similarly, several compounds in pesticides, industrial items, and household cleaners have been identified as carcinogenic. These toxins can infiltrate our systems by inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact, potentially causing genetic abnormalities and cellular damage that result in cancer development.

Ionizing radiation exposure, whether from medical imaging procedures such as X-rays and CT scans or from natural sources like radon gas, may contribute to the elevated cancer risk. Radon, a naturally occurring radioactive gas found in the soil and rock, may penetrate buildings and accumulate to lethal quantities and has been linked to lung cancer.

In addition to external environmental influences, our lifestyle choices significantly influence cancer risk. Tobacco smoke, for example, comprises thousands of chemicals, most of which are proven carcinogens. It is not surprising then that smoking remains the most prevalent cause of  cancer deaths globally, accounting for a large proportion of lung, throat, and oral cancers. Further, dietary habits and consumption of alcohol may contribute to cancer risk. High consumption of processed meats, sugary beverages, and saturated fat-rich foods has been associated with an enhanced likelihood of malignancies, including colorectal and breast cancer. Excessive alcohol intake can escalate the risk of developing liver, oesophageal, and other malignancies.

Although the existence of environmental carcinogens may appear daunting, there are strategies individuals can adopt to mitigate their exposure and minimize their risk of cancer. These include advocating for clean air and water regulations, donning personal protective clothing at the workplace, consuming organic foods, and ensuring adequate ventilation and radon screening in homes. Finally, regular medical screening and lifestyle changes, such as maintaining a healthy weight, physical activity, and minimizing tobacco and excessive alcohol intake, can contribute to decreased cancer risk.